Persian Mulberry Tree (ShahToot) - شاه توت

• Standard-sized fruit trees typically require spacing of 20 to 25 feet between each tree.
• Semi-dwarf varieties may need spacing of 15 to 20 feet, while dwarf fruit trees can be spaced closer, around 10 to 15 feet apart.

• If planting multiple rows of fruit trees, maintain spacing between rows to allow for adequate sunlight penetration and airflow.
• Rows should typically be spaced 25 to 30 feet apart for standard-sized trees, and 15 to 20 feet apart for semi-dwarf and dwarf varieties.

• Consider the mature height and spread of the fruit trees when determining spacing.
• Ensure enough space between trees and other structures to accommodate their growth without crowding.

• Plant fruit trees in rows with the north to south orientation to maximize sunlight exposure on both sides of the trees.

• Avoid planting fruit trees too close to buildings, fences, or other structures, as their roots may cause damage over time. 

• Prepare the planting area by loosening the soil and incorporating organic matter to improve drainage and fertility. 

• Plant fruit trees at the same depth as they were in the nursery container, ensuring that the graft union (if present) is above the soil level.

Step One:
Soil and Planting: Plant in soil that drains well. Dig a hole that is as deep as the tree’s roots and at least twice as wide.

Step Two:
Place the tree in the hole and backfill around the plant’s roots with a mixture of the native soil and high-quality planting mix that has washed sand and organic fertilizer.

Step Three:
Create a basin around the roots drip zone so that water collects. Water deeply until the roots and nearby soil is saturated and reaches field capacity.

• Most fruit trees thrive in full sun, which typically means they need at least 6 to 8 hours of direct sunlight each day.
• Choose a planting location that receives ample sunlight throughout the day, preferably in a spot with southern or western exposure.

• Sunlight is essential for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy to fuel growth and fruit production.
• Adequate sunlight promotes healthy leaf development, flowering, and fruit ripening in fruit trees.

• Avoid planting fruit trees in areas with excessive shade from buildings, tall trees, or other structures, as this can inhibit growth and reduce fruit production.
• Trees planted in shaded areas may produce fewer fruits, have slower growth rates, and be more susceptible to diseases and pests.

• Ensure that fruit trees are spaced appropriately to allow sunlight to reach all parts of the tree, including the canopy, branches, and fruiting spurs.
• Prune surrounding trees or shrubs that may shade fruit trees and obstruct sunlight.

• Monitor changes in sunlight exposure throughout the year, as seasonal variations in sun angle and tree foliage can affect light availability.
• Adjust planting locations or prune surrounding vegetation as needed to maintain optimal sunlight exposure for fruit trees.

• During the first year after planting, fruit trees require regular watering to establish strong root systems.
• Water newly planted fruit trees deeply and frequently, providing enough moisture to keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged.

• In general, fruit trees should be watered deeply once or twice a week, depending on soil type, weather conditions, and tree species.
• Adjust the frequency of watering based on rainfall, temperature, and soil moisture levels to prevent both under-watering and over-watering.

• Water fruit trees deeply to encourage deep root growth and drought tolerance.
• Apply water slowly and evenly to ensure that it penetrates the soil to a depth of at least 12 to 18 inches.

• Use drip irrigation, soaker hoses, or watering bags to deliver water directly to the root zone of fruit trees, minimizing water loss through evaporation and runoff.
• Avoid overhead watering, as it can promote fungal diseases and waste water by spraying foliage instead of reaching the root system.

• Water fruit trees in the early morning or late afternoon to reduce water loss through evaporation and minimize stress on the trees during the hottest part of the day.
• Avoid watering fruit trees during windy or extremely hot conditions, as water may evaporate quickly before it can be absorbed by the roots.

• Monitor soil moisture regularly by checking soil moisture levels with a moisture meter or by conducting a simple soil moisture test using your finger.
• Adjust watering practices based on soil moisture levels and weather conditions to ensure that fruit trees receive adequate moisture throughout the growing season.

• During periods of drought or prolonged dry spells, increase the frequency and duration of watering to prevent drought stress and maintain tree health.
• Consider applying a layer of mulch around the base of fruit trees to conserve soil moisture and reduce water loss through evaporation.

• Fertilize fruit trees in early spring, just before new growth begins, to provide essential nutrients for the upcoming growing season.
• Avoid fertilizing fruit trees late in the growing season, as it may stimulate late-season growth that is susceptible to winter damage.

• Choose a balanced fertilizer specifically formulated for fruit trees, such as a 10-10-10 or 12-12-12 NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) fertilizer.
• Consider using organic fertilizers, such as compost, aged manure, or organic fertilizer blends, to promote soil health and reduce the risk of chemical buildup.

• Apply fertilizer evenly around the base of the fruit tree, extending beyond the drip line of the branches.
• Avoid placing fertilizer directly against the trunk of the tree, as it may cause root burn or damage to the tree.

• Follow the recommended application rates provided on the fertilizer label or based on the specific needs of the fruit tree species and soil conditions.
• Use caution not to over-fertilize fruit trees, as excessive nitrogen can lead to excessive vegetative growth at the expense of fruit production.

• Water the fruit tree thoroughly after applying fertilizer to help dissolve and distribute the nutrients into the soil.
• Adequate moisture is essential to ensure that the roots can absorb the nutrients from the fertilizer effectively.

• For established fruit trees, fertilize once a year in early spring, unless soil tests indicate a specific nutrient deficiency that requires additional fertilization.
• Young or newly planted fruit trees may benefit from lighter, more frequent applications of fertilizer during the first few years to support growth and establishment.

• Periodically conduct soil tests to assess nutrient levels and pH balance, as well as to determine the specific fertilizer needs of fruit trees.
• Adjust fertilization practices based on soil test results to ensure that fruit trees receive the appropriate nutrients for optimal growth and fruit production.

• Prune fruit trees during the dormant season, typically in late winter to early spring before new growth begins.
• Avoid pruning fruit trees during periods of active growth or in late fall, as it may stimulate new growth that is vulnerable to winter damage.

• Use sharp, clean pruning tools, such as hand pruners, loppers, and pruning saws, to make clean cuts and minimize the risk of disease transmission.
• Disinfect pruning tools between each tree to prevent the spread of pathogens.

• Remove dead, diseased, or damaged branches to improve the overall health and appearance of the fruit tree.
• Thin out crowded or crossing branches to improve air circulation and sunlight penetration within the canopy.
• Shape the tree to promote an open, well-structured canopy that allows for even fruit production and easy harvesting.

• Begin by removing any dead, diseased, or broken branches, making clean cuts just outside the branch collar (the swollen area where the branch meets the trunk).
• Thin out excessive growth by selectively removing crowded or crossing branches to allow for better light and air distribution.
• Use heading cuts to prune back overly vigorous branches to encourage branching and promote fruiting wood formation.
• Consider the fruiting habit of the tree species when pruning, as some fruit trees produce fruit on spurs (short, stubby branches) while others bear fruit on new growth.

• Train young fruit trees by selectively pruning to establish a strong, well-balanced framework of scaffold branches.
• Encourage outward growth by pruning back inward-growing branches and removing competing leaders to maintain a central leader or open-center shape.

• Different fruit tree species may have specific pruning requirements based on their growth habits, fruiting patterns, and desired form.
• Research the specific pruning needs of the fruit tree species you are growing and tailor your pruning practices accordingly.

• Monitor the fruit tree throughout the growing season for any additional pruning needs, such as removing water sprouts or suckers that may develop.
• Regularly inspect the tree for signs of pests, diseases, or other issues that may require pruning intervention.

• Monitor for Pests:
• Regularly inspect fruit trees for signs of pest infestation, such as chewed leaves, distorted growth, or the presence of insects or larvae.
• Keep an eye out for common fruit tree pests, including aphids, scale insects, mites, caterpillars, and fruit flies.
• Cultural Practices:
• Maintain good cultural practices, such as proper pruning, watering, and fertilizing, to promote healthy, resilient fruit trees that are better able to withstand pest attacks.
• Remove and destroy any fallen fruit, leaves, or other plant debris that may harbor pests or disease pathogens.
• Natural Predators:
• Encourage natural predators of pests, such as ladybugs, lacewings, and predatory wasps, by providing habitat and avoiding the use of broad-spectrum pesticides that may harm beneficial insects.
• Plant flowering plants nearby to attract pollinators and beneficial insects that help control pest populations.
• Physical Barriers:
• Install physical barriers, such as tree wraps or trunk guards, to protect fruit trees from crawling pests like ants and rodents.
• Use floating row covers or netting to exclude flying insects, birds, and other pests from accessing fruit trees.
• Biological Control:
• Consider using biological control methods, such as releasing beneficial nematodes or predatory insects, to target specific pests while minimizing harm to non-target organisms.
• Introduce parasitic wasps, predatory mites, or other natural enemies of pest insects to help control populations without the need for chemical pesticides.
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM):
• Implement an integrated pest management (IPM) approach that combines multiple pest control strategies, including cultural, biological, physical, and chemical methods, to effectively manage pest populations while minimizing environmental impact.
• Monitor pest populations regularly and use thresholds to determine when intervention is necessary, prioritizing the use of non-chemical control methods whenever possible.
• Selective Pesticide Use:
• Use chemical pesticides as a last resort and only when non-chemical methods have proven ineffective or when pest populations exceed acceptable thresholds.
• Selectively choose pesticides that are least harmful to beneficial insects, pollinators, and the environment, and follow label instructions carefully to minimize risks to human health and the ecosystem.